Head Of The Charles 2024
- Oct 18, 2024 To Oct 20, 2024
- head
- Charles River
- Cambridge, MA (USA)
- Hosted By: Head Of The Charles Regatta
- USRowing Sanctioned Regatta
Filter
| Event# | Time* | Code | Event | Competitors | Entries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friday, October 18, 2024 | |||||
| 1 | 7:45 AM | M SR-VET 1X | Men's Senior Veteran/Grand Veteran Singles[70+, 80+, 90+] | 60 |
|
| 2 | 8:05 AM | W SR-VET 1X | Women's Senior-Veteran/Grand Veteran Singles [70+, 80+, 90+] | 29 |
|
| 3 | 8:34 AM | M GMV 1X | Men's Grand Master/Veteran Singles [50+, 60+] | 120 |
|
| 4 | 9:18 AM | W VET 1X | Women's Grand Master/Veteran Singles [50+, 60+] | 90 |
|
| Whistler |
M. Harriman
|
|
|||
| Dolphin Club |
R. Perry
|
|
|||
| Ottawa Rowing Club |
J. Fournier/
|
|
|||
| Riverside Boat Club |
O. Huxley
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
M. Watkins
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
J. Sacheck-Ward
|
|
|||
| Maine Coast Rowing Association |
L. Krichko
|
|
|||
| Narragansett Boat Club |
A. Bumstead
|
|
|||
| Rocky Mountain Rowing Club |
K. Gress
|
|
|||
| Martha's Moms Rowing Club |
E. Runde
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
M. Zezza
|
|
|||
| Unaffiliated (USA) |
R. Kirchhoff
|
|
|||
| Marlow Rowing Club |
J. Easton
|
|
|||
| Dallas Rowing Club |
K. Elting
|
|
|||
| Wallingford Rowing Club |
A. Grainger
|
|
|||
| Penn A.C. Rowing Association |
D. Eringis
|
|
|||
| Duxbury Bay Maritime School |
M. Tyson
|
|
|||
| Community Rowing, Inc. |
B. Baker Pohlig
|
|
|||
| The University of Queensland Boat Club |
R. Thomson
|
|
|||
| Vesper Boat Club |
M. Tranel
|
|
|||
| Long Lake Rowing Crew |
|
||||
| Western Reserve Rowing Association |
S. Romilly
|
|
|||
| Mid Hudson Rowing Association |
E. Acworth
|
|
|||
| Saugatuck Rowing Club, LLC |
K. Davis
|
|
|||
| Narragansett Boat Club |
T. Hogan
|
|
|||
| Washington Rowing School |
C. Cole
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
E. Kennelly
|
|
|||
| Sammamish Rowing Association |
A. Creighton
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
N. Strom
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
B. Harling/
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
A. Sanders-Fleming
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
H. Lazaridis
|
|
|||
| Maritime Rowing Club |
L. Devitt
|
|
|||
| Narragansett Boat Club |
J. Martin
|
|
|||
| Occoquan Boat Club |
G. Koloszyc
|
|
|||
| Watuppa Rowing Center, Inc |
A. van Erp
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
M. Farrell
|
|
|||
| Nassau Rowing Club |
K. de Souza/
|
|
|||
| Steeringuwright, LLC |
P. Neuharth/
|
|
|||
| Vesper Boat Club |
A. McBlane
|
|
|||
| Viking Rowing Foundation |
W. Tripician
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Rowing Club |
M. DeLong
|
|
|||
| Potomac Boat Club |
H. Wentz
|
|
|||
| Nashville Rowing |
J. Cheij
|
|
|||
| Hegret Rowing Club |
C. Wu
|
|
|||
| Capital Rowing Club |
S. Driano/
|
|
|||
| Lansing Rowing Club |
D. DeLuca
|
|
|||
| Northampton Community Rowing |
R. Ganim
|
|
|||
| Rivanna Rowing Club, Inc. |
C. Coffman
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
P. Hambrick/
|
|
|||
| Riverside Boat Club |
A. Lanfer
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
K. Chang
|
|
|||
| Duxbury Bay Maritime School |
C. Carroll
|
|
|||
| College Club Seattle |
J. Dykema
|
|
|||
| Unaffiliated (USA) |
E. Blum
|
|
|||
| Yarmouth Rowing Club |
C. Stockly
|
|
|||
| Capital Rowing Club |
M. Steele/
|
|
|||
| Watuppa Rowing Center, Inc |
P. Brady
|
|
|||
| Vancouver Rowing Club |
S. Geoffrion
|
|
|||
| Unaffiliated (USA) |
T. Brennan
|
|
|||
| Unaffiliated (USA) |
S. Allen
|
|
|||
| Cape Fear River Rowing Club, Inc. |
G. Howard/
|
|
|||
| San Diego Rowing Club |
L. Roth/
|
|
|||
| Saugatuck Rowing Club, LLC |
C. Purcell/
|
|
|||
| Tempe Town Lake Rowing |
K. Tornero/
|
|
|||
| Community Rowing, Inc. |
S. Richman
|
|
|||
| Sacramento State Aquatic Center/Capital |
C. Flowers
|
|
|||
| Worcester Boat Club |
R. Morgan/
|
|
|||
| Unaffiliated (USA) |
J. Sekse
|
|
|||
| Independence Rowing Club |
J. Loubier
|
|
|||
| Greater Columbus Rowing Association |
L. Gunzelman
|
|
|||
| San Diego Rowing Club |
H. Imai-Dellario
|
|
|||
| Unaffiliated (USA) |
C. McVay
|
|
|||
| San Diego Rowing Club |
F. Kaper
|
|
|||
| East Bay Rowing, Inc |
E. Williams
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
G. Norton
|
|
|||
| Cooper Rowing Club |
L. Zeshonski
|
|
|||
| Duxbury Bay Maritime School |
M. O'Halloran
|
|
|||
| Maritime Rowing Club |
H. Parkhurst
|
|
|||
| Cambridge Boat Club |
C. Truman
|
|
|||
| Vesper Boat Club |
M. Hilton
|
|
|||
| Riverside Boat Club |
C. Higgins/
|
|
|||
| Rocky Mountain Rowing Club |
J. Baker
|
|
|||
| Tulsa Rowing Club |
D. Sturd
|
|
|||
| CLUB ESPORTIU OLIMPIC BARCELONA |
E. Martínez/
|
|
|||
| Humboldt Bay Rowing Association |
L. Condro (55)/
|
|
|||
| Cortlandt Community Rowing Association, Inc. |
M. Creighton
|
|
|||
| Potomac Boat Club |
C. Dinion
|
|
|||
| Vesper Boat Club |
K. Reilly
|
|
|||
| Narragansett Boat Club |
E. Goodman
|
|
|||
| 5 | 9:58 AM | W GM 2X | Women's Grand Master Doubles [50+] | 24 |
|
| 6 | 10:05 AM | W VET 2X | Women's Veteran Doubles [60+] | 24 |
|
| 7 | 10:20 AM | M GM 2X | Men's Grand Master Doubles [50+] | 24 |
|
| 8 | 10:28 AM | M VET 2X | Men's Veteran Doubles [60+] | 23 |
|
| Saturday, October 19, 2024 | |||||
| 9 | 7:45 AM | M CLUB 1X | Men's Club Singles | 40 |
|
| 10 | 7:56 AM | M MSM 1X | Men's Master/Senior Master Singles [30+, 40+] | 42 |
|
| 11 | 8:12 AM | W CLUB 1X | Womens Club Singles | 36 |
|
| 12 | 8:21 AM | W MSM 1X | Women's Master/Senior Master Singles [30+, 40+] | 40 |
|
| 13 | 8:39 AM | W MSM 2X | Women's Master/Senior Master Doubles [30+, 40+] | 25 |
|
| 14 | 8:54 AM | M MSM 2X | Men's Master/Senior Master Doubles [30+, 40+] | 27 |
|
| 15 | 9:08 AM | M GM 8+ | Mens Grant Master Eights [50+] | 33 |
|
| 16 | 9:19 AM | M VET 8+ | Men's Veteran Eights [60+] | 28 |
|
| 17 | 9:32 AM | W GM 8+ | Women's Grand Master Eights [50+] | 31 |
|
| 18 | 9:43 AM | W VET 8+ | Women's Veteran Eights [60+] | 22 |
|
| 19 | 9:56 AM | M GM 4+ | Men's Grand Master Fours [50+] | 30 |
|
| 20 | 10:07 AM | M VET 4+ | Men's Veteran Fours [60+] | 21 |
|
| 21 | 10:18 AM | W GM 4+ | Women's Grand Master Fours [50+] | 35 |
|
| Pocock Rowing Club (A) |
L. Oswald/S. Dukmen/L. Retelny/D. Manalang/N. Ruthfield (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Willamette Rowing Club (A) |
m. oschwald/B. Saling/P. Callin/S. Nordquist/R. Le Mieux (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Alexandria Community Rowing (A) |
M. Cato/P. Jones/J. Bright/C. Swartz/K. Poff (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Narragansett Boat Club (A) |
F. Beaudoin/J. Brush/N. McGuigan/a. arena/E. Howard (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Mt. Baker Crew (A) |
M. Glenn/L. Ernst/M. Deering/A. Arvidson/M. Bolender (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Steeringuwright, LLC (A) |
H. Krakora/E. Doucet/J. Fleishman/A. Porter/H. Broadland (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Hudson River Rowing Association, Inc. (A) |
J. Bernier/V. Hommes/C. Briskey/M. King/S. O'Connor (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Marin Rowing Association (A) |
K. Cooper/A. Dryer/M. Benson/J. Rittenberry/G. Hamill (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Quinsigamond Rowing Club Inc. (A) |
|
||||
| Saugatuck Rowing Club, LLC (A) |
S. McInerney/V. Morest/J. Brocki/C. Klein/J. DiMiceli (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Don Rowing Club (A) |
C. Strachan/D. Meschkuleit/L. Larmondin/L. Soucy-Fraser/G. Greenwood (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Vesper Boat Club (A) |
M. Zisling/R. Jerril/E. Normoyle/T. Welsh/N. Cleri (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Prince William Rowing Club, Inc. (A) |
H. Fussell/C. Elwell/J. DiGrazia/J. Powell/D. Jeffcoat (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| San Diego Rowing Club (A) |
E. Minteer/M. Smiddy/L. Long/M. Ferreira Gomes/T. Boedeker (Cox)
|
|
|||
| BMA Boat Club (A) |
L. Moody/E. Wilson/M. Breiland/A. Yelle/M. Setchko (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Capital Rowing Club (A) |
S. Dunham/A. Connolly/R. Pskowski/K. Holmes/M. Griffin (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Baltimore Rowing Club (A) |
E. Lawrence/E. Turtle/L. Gamble/B. Dunn/S. Berube (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Gentle Giant Rowing Club (A) |
W. Stopps/A. Alton/R. Sweeney/A. Scanlon/V. Loehle (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Intrepid Rowing Club (A) |
|
||||
| Oxford University Boat Club Alumni (A) |
S. Talbot/S. Whitley/K. Baring/L. Liram/A. Rasheed (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Hudson River Rowing Association, Inc. (B) |
B. DeStafeno/P. Hilal/J. Moser/S. Herman/M. Costello (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Los Gatos Rowing Club (A) |
R. Lopez/K. Martin/T. Spaulding/M. Hayes/G. Lee (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Sammamish Rowing Association (A) |
C. Kartaltepe/K. Stansell/N. Johnston/M. Yount/T. Ultican (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Three Rivers Rowing Association (A) |
V. Keenan/A. Mulligan/A. McGeary/V. Reeves/M. Parry (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Martha's Moms Rowing Club (A) |
S. Monroe/A. Kulesza/T. Laughlin Taylor/K. Martin/G. Pendleton (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| East Arm Rowing Club (A) |
D. Lindquist/H. King/G. MacEwan/K. Bower/C. Hardy (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Greenwich Crew (A) |
|
||||
| Cambridge Boat Club (A) |
C. Wilson/C. Tingle/D. Cogill/L. Adams/s. dambek (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Recovery on Water, Inc. (A) |
|
||||
| Conibear Rowing Club (A) |
E. Youtz/S. Clark/J. McPhedran/r. newell/N. Imbriaco (Cox)/
|
|
|||
| Northampton Community Rowing (A) |
J. Kent/J. Taylor/W. Mardas/B. Harrigan/S. Weiss (Cox)
|
|
|||
| King's Crown Rowing Association (A) |
J. Mercurio/J. Mullin/A. Dayal/J. Lynn/S. Siotia (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Row New Jersey (A) |
K. Sanborn/P. OBrien/L. Stamford/K. Schweizer/E. Christiansen (Cox)
|
|
|||
| Avalon Rowing Club (A) |
A. Morrill-Bijeau/L. Wigglesworth/K. Press/A. Pollock/J. Ward (Cox)
|
|
|||
| University of San Diego Alumni 85.5 (A) |
S. Pickus/M. Barton/K. Long/J. Huffman/M. Schulz (Cox)
|
|
|||
| 22 | 10:32 AM | W VET 4+ | Women's Veteran Fours [60+] | 20 |
|
| 23 | 10:51 AM | M ALUM 8+ | Men's Alumni Eights | 47 |
|
| 24 | 11:10 AM | W ALUM 8+ | Women's Alumnae Eights | 52 |
|
| 25 | 11:31 AM | M MSM 4+ | Men's Master/Senior Master Fours [30+, 40+] | 22 |
|
| 26 | 11:38 AM | M ALUM 4+ | Men's Alumni Fours | 23 |
|
| 27 | 11:49 AM | W MSM 4+ | Women's Master/Senior Master Fours [30+, 40+] | 25 |
|
| 28 | 11:57 AM | W ALUM 4+ | Women's Alumnae Fours | 23 |
|
| 29 | 12:14 PM | M MSM 8+ | Men's Master/Senior Master Eights [30+, 40+] | 19 |
|
| 30 | 12:24 PM | W MSM 8+ | Women's Master/Senior Master Eights [30+, 40+] | 15 |
|
| 31 | 12:35 PM | M CLUB 4+ | Men's Club Fours | 42 |
|
| 32 | 12:53 PM | W CLUB 4+ | Women's Club Fours | 50 |
|
| 33 | 1:18 PM | M CLUB 8+ | Men's Club Eights | 36 |
|
| 34 | 1:32 PM | W CLUB 8+ | Women's Club Eights | 42 |
|
| 35 | 1:51 PM | M CHAMP 2X | Men's Championship Doubles | 20 |
|
| 36 | 2:01 PM | W CHAMP 2X | Women's Championship Doubles | 22 |
|
| 37 | 2:12 PM | M CHAMP 1X | Men's Championship Singles | 22 |
|
| 38 | 2:21 PM | M LW 1X | Men's Lightweight Singles | 13 |
|
| 39 | 2:29 PM | W CHAMP 1X | Women's Championship Singles | 22 |
|
| 40 | 2:35 PM | W LW 1X | Women's Lightweight Singles | 12 |
|
| 41 | 2:46 PM | DC MX 2X | Directors' Challenge Mixed Doubles | 45 |
|
| 42 | 3:13 PM | DC MX 4X | Directors' Challenge Mixed Quad | 25 |
|
| Exh-SR | 3:26 PM | EXH-SR | Survivors Row (Exhibition) | 11 |
|
| 43 | 3:41 PM | MX PARA 4+ | Mixed Para PR3 Fours | 3 |
|
| 44 | 3:43 PM | MX INCL 4+ | Mixed Para Inclusion Fours | 2 |
|
| 45 | 4:00 PM | INCL 2x | Para Inclusion Doubles | 21 |
|
| Sunday, October 20, 2024 | |||||
| 46 | 7:45 AM | M YOUTH 1X | Men's Youth Singles | 49 |
|
| 47 | 8:02 AM | W YOUTH 1X | Women's Youth Singles | 45 |
|
| 48 | 8:19 AM | W U17 4+ | Women's Under-17 Fours | 32 |
|
| 49 | 8:38 AM | W YOUTH 4X | Womens Youth Coxed Quads | 54 |
|
| 50 | 9:02 AM | W YOUTH 8+ | Women's Youth Eights | 90 |
|
| 51 | 9:35 AM | W YOUTH 2X | Women's Youth Doubles | 55 |
|
| 52 | 9:56 AM | W YOUTH 4+ | Women's Youth Fours | 90 |
|
| 53 | 10:33 AM | M U17 4+ | Men's Under-17 Fours | 30 |
|
| 54 | 10:51 AM | M YOUTH 4x | Mens Youth Coxed Quads | 50 |
|
| 55 | 11:13 AM | M YOUTH 8+ | Men's Youth Eights | 90 |
|
| 56 | 11:44 AM | M YOUTH 2X | Men's Youth Doubles | 56 |
|
| 57 | 12:04 PM | M YOUTH 4+ | Men's Youth Fours | 90 |
|
| 58 | 12:40 PM | M CHAMP 4+ | Men's Championship Fours | 18 |
|
| 59 | 12:48 PM | M LW 4+ | Men's Lightweight Fours | 10 |
|
| 60 | 12:56 PM | DC M 4X | Directors' Challenge Men's Quads | 36 |
|
| 61 | 1:10 PM | W CHAMP 4+ | Women's Championship Fours | 18 |
|
| 62 | 1:18 PM | W LW 4+ | Women's Lightweight Fours | 9 |
|
| 63 | 1:27 PM | DC W 4X | Directors' Challenge Women's Quads | 35 |
|
| Riverside Boat Club |
E. Christmas/A. Lee/S. Rogers/L. Boghossian
|
31.0 (31)
|
|||
| Composite: Upper Valley Rowing, Greenwich Crew |
L. Muri/R. Carroll/K. Atterbury/E. Dade
|
59.0 (59)
|
|||
| Riverside Boat Club |
B. McConarty/A. Bailey/S. Cuddy/S. Imbert de Smirnoff
|
44.0 (44)
|
|||
| Composite: Ridley Graduate, Sarasota County, College Club Seattle |
M. Pearlstein/K. Wiegandt/L. Brown/M. Gradek
|
50.0 (50)
|
|||
| Composite: Atlanta, Ottawa, Toronto Sculling |
J. Fournier/N. Wilkie/K. Brown/T. Black
|
59.0 (59)
|
|||
| Composite: Cambridge, Dallas, Minneapolis Rowing Club |
K. Miller/L. Pierce/K. Elting/M. Watkins
|
59.0 (59)
|
|||
| Lake Washington Rowing Club |
R. Wong/M. Northey/M. Ricci/K. Johnson
|
36.0 (36)
|
|||
| Station L Rowing Club |
L. Spencer/T. Jones/P. Luong/D. Atwood
|
52.0 (52)
|
|||
| Lucky Charms |
M. Zezza/A. Boucher/C. Reynolds/T. Glover
|
63.0 (63)
|
|||
| Community Rowing, Inc. |
K. Burnett/A. Chouinard/P. Montain/K. Johnson
|
54.0 (54)
|
|||
| Amoskeag Rowing Club |
K. Wilson/S. Ames/C. Curran/A. Branch
|
55.0 (55)
|
|||
| Composite: Marin, Dolphin, North Bay |
R. Perry/L. Thoron/A. Smyth/C. Battani
|
53.0 (53)
|
|||
| Upper Merion Boat Club |
M. Zisling/J. Skaling/E. Normoyle/C. Oxley
|
55.0 (55)
|
|||
| Steeringuwright, LLC |
J. Bellantoni/T. Gilmartin/W. O'Brien/P. Neuharth
|
56.0 (56)
|
|||
| Composite: Ann Arbor RC,Ann Arbor RC, Narragansett, Calgary RC |
K. Oliver/S. Ferreira/M. Delaney/W. Arts
|
0.0 (28)
|
|||
| Rocky Mountain Rowing Club |
L. Steavpack/J. Baker/P. Thatcher/J. Francis
|
51.0 (51)
|
|||
| Sarasota County Rowing Club, Inc/dba Sarasota Masters |
M. Schmidt/J. Veitkus/M. Oberly/R. Schoch
|
57.0 (57)
|
|||
| College Club Seattle |
M. Iwema/J. Dykema/M. Coffren-Barton/J. Irwin
|
53.0 (53)
|
|||
| Newport Aquatic Center |
51.0 (51)
|
||||
| Saratoga Rowing Association, Inc./ Saratoga Springs High School |
T. Capozzola/D. Barnes/D. Howk/W. MacPherson
|
63.0 (63)
|
|||
| Composite: Texas Rowing Center, Unaff. (USA) |
N. Petrisko/J. Hopkins/G. Edie/L. Aust
|
70.0 (70)
|
|||
| Composite: BIAC, Megunticook |
S. Wienbar/P. Saltonstall/S. Lash/J. Comstock
|
58.0 (58)
|
|||
| Independence Rowing Club |
S. Ford/G. LaFreniere/J. Hefferan/A. Petrella
|
55.0 (55)
|
|||
| Duxbury Bay Maritime School |
W. Barnard Dorris/C. Redmond/L. Connors/P. Teare
|
59.0 (59)
|
|||
| Upper Valley Rowing Foundation |
D. Hannam/P. Sadler/E. Glenshaw/D. Morris-Calvey
|
68.0 (68)
|
|||
| Duxbury Bay Maritime School |
n. boussy/D. Owen/C. Khoo/G. Walsh
|
60.0 (60)
|
|||
| Community Rowing, Inc. |
S. Rich/M. Laskaris/B. Ericson/M. Webster/
|
56.0 (56)
|
|||
| Community Rowing, Inc. |
N. Mehta/J. Hochschild/K. landy/K. Jeffs/
|
60.0 (60)
|
|||
| Pioneer Valley Riverfront Club |
M. Biechele/R. Griffiths/K. Gillespie/L. Watson/
|
41.0 (41)
|
|||
| Upper Merion Boat Club |
M. Du Sold/A. McBlane/C. Otten/R. Jerril
|
59.0 (59)
|
|||
| Riverfront Recapture, Inc. |
S. Fair/C. Nickles/V. Carpenter/L. Olsen
|
33.0 (33)
|
|||
| Otsego Area Rowing |
A. Lord/L. Demma/F. Gay/A. Rodd
|
54.0 (54)
|
|||
| Lake Union Crew |
J. Chen/A. Friedman/B. Sebring/U. Deelstra
|
34.0 (34)
|
|||
| Northampton Community Rowing |
J. Hettler/E. Koramshahi/G. DiFulvio/L. Christoph
|
46.0 (46)
|
|||
| Martha's Moms Rowing Club |
L. Robins/C. Fletcher/J. Chow/P. Crutcher/
|
66.0 (66)
|
|||
| 64 | 1:50 PM | M CHAMP 8+ | Men's Championship Eights | 30 |
|
| 65 | 2:02 PM | M LW 8+ | Men's Lightweight Eights | 13 |
|
| 66 | 2:09 PM | M COLLEGE 8+ | Men's Collegiate Eights | 42 |
|
| 67 | 2:25 PM | W CHAMP 8+ | Women's Championship Eights | 30 |
|
| 68 | 2:37 PM | W LW 8+ | Women's Lightweight Eights | 8 |
|
| 69 | 2:44 PM | W COLLEGE 8+ | Women's Collegiate Eights | 34 |
|
| 70 | 3:00 PM | M COLLEGE 4+ | Men's Collegiate Fours | 42 |
|
| 71 | 3:15 PM | W COLLEGE 4+ | Women's Collegiate Fours | 40 |
|
| 72 | 3:34 PM | DC PC 2X | Directors' Challenge Parent/Child Doubles | 59 |
|
| 73 | 4:00 PM | DCMX8 | Directors' Challenge Mixed Eight | 32 |
|
*-Event times, if listed, are tentative and subject to change